How Ink Is Made - manufacturing, manufacturing, usage, components, composition, product, industry, machine (2023)

background

Color is a term used to describe a range of substances consisting of a pigment suspended in a liquid or pasty vehicle, such as oil or water. Paint is applied in a thin layer to various surfaces, such as wood, metal, or stone, with a brush, roller, or spray gun. Although its main function is to protect the surface on which it is applied, the paint also serves as decoration.

Samples of the earliest known paintings, made between 20,000 and 25,000 years ago, survive in caves in France and Spain. Primitive paintings tended to depict people and animals, and diagrams have also been found. Early artists relied on readily available natural substances such as natural earth pigments, charcoal, berry juice, lard, blood, and spurge juice to create paint. Later, the ancient Chinese, Egyptians, Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans used more sophisticated materials to make colors for limited decorations such as B. painting walls. The oils were used as varnishes and pigments such as yellow and red ocher,Whiteboard,Arsenic sulfide yellow and malachite green were mixed with binders such as gum arabic, lime, egg albumen, and beeswax.

Paint was first used as a protective coating by the Egyptians and Hebrews, who applied pitch and balm to the exposed wood of their boats. During the Middle Ages some inland woods were also given protective coatings, but due to a shortage of paint this practice was generally limited to shop fronts and signage. Around the same time, artists began cooking resin with oil to obtain highly miscible (miscible) paints, and 15th-century artists were the first to add drying oils to paints, thereby speeding up evaporation. They also adopted a new solvent, linseed oil, which remained the most widely used solvent until it was replaced by plastics in the 20th century.

In Boston around 1700, Thomas Child built the first American paint factory, a granite vat in which a 0.5-meter ball of granite rolled and ground the pigment. The first paint patent was for a whitewash-enhancing product, a water-slaked lime that was commonly used in the early days of the United States. In 1865, D.P. Flinn received a patent for a water-based paint that also contained zinc oxide, potassium hydroxide, resin, milk, and linseed oil. Early commercial paint mills replaced Child's granite ball with a Buhrstone wheel, but these mills continued the practice of grinding pigment only (individual customers would then mix it into a vehicle at home). It wasn't until 1867 that manufacturers began mixing the vehicle and pigment for consumers.

The 20th century saw most of the changes in the composition and manufacture of paint. Today, synthetic pigments and stabilizers are commonly used to mass produce uniform batches of paint. New synthetic vehicles developed from polymers such as polyurethane and styrene butates arose in the 1940s. Alkyd resins were synthesized and have dominated production ever since. Before 1930, the pigment was ground with stone mills, later these were replaced by steel balls. High speed dispersion mixers and grit mills are used today to grind easily dispersible pigments.

Perhaps the greatest advance related to color has been its diffusion. While some wooden houses, shops, bridges and signs

Painted as early as the 18th century, only recently has mass production made a variety of colors universally indispensable. Today paints for interior and exterior painting of houses, boats,automobiles,Aircraft, appliances, furniture and many other places where protection and attractiveness is desired.

raw material

A paint is made up of pigments, solvents, resins and various additives. Pigments give paint its color; Solvents make application easier; Resins help with drying; and additives range from fillers to antifungal agents. There are hundreds of different natural and synthetic pigments. The basic white pigment is titanium dioxide, chosen for its excellent hiding properties, and the black pigment is usually made from carbon black. Other pigments used to make colors include iron oxide and cadmium sulfide for reds, metallic salts for yellows and oranges, and iron blue and chrome yellow for blues and greens.

Solvents are various low viscosity volatile liquids. These include mineral spirits and aromatic solvents such as benzene, alcohols, esters, ketones, and acetone. The most commonly used natural resins are linseed, coconut, and soybean oils, while alkyd, acrylic, epoxy, and polyurethane resins are among the most popular synthetic resins. Additives serve many purposes. Some, like calcium carbonate and aluminum silicate, are simply fillers that add body and substance to paint without altering its properties. Other additives produce certain desired properties

in paints, such as thixotropic agents that give paint its smooth texture, driers, anti-settling agents, anti-crumble agents, defoamers and many others that allow the paint to have good coverage and long durability.

Design

The paint finish is often custom made to meet the needs of industrial customers. For example, one person may be particularly interested in a quick-drying paint, while another may want a paint that provides good coverage over a long period of time. Consumption colors can also be customized. Paint manufacturers offer such a wide range of colors that it is impossible to stock large quantities of each color. To fulfill a request for "aquamarine", "canary yellow" or "maroon", the manufacturer selects a suitable base for the depth of color required. (Pastel colors have high levels of titanium dioxide, the white pigment, while darker shades have less.) Then, according to a predetermined formula, the manufacturer can fill different pigments from calibrated cylinders to obtain the correct color.

Production
process

Preparation of the paste

• 1 Pigment manufacturers ship bags of fine-grained pigments to paint shops. There, the pigment is pre-mixed with resin (a wetting agent that helps wet the pigment), one or more solvents, and additives to form a paste.

dispersing the pigment

• 2 The paste mixture for most industrial and some consumer paints is now fed into a grit mill, a large cylinder that agitates small particles of sand or silica to grind the pigment particles, making them smaller and dispersing them throughout the surface. mix. The mixture is then filtered to remove any sand particles.
• 3 Instead of being processed in sand mills, up to 90 percent of water-based latex paints intended for individual homeowners are processed in a high-velocity dispersion tank. There, the pre-mixed paste is agitated at high speed by a circular toothed blade attached to a rotating shaft. In this process, the pigment is mixed with the solvent.

diluting the paste

• 4 Either in a sand mill or a slurry tank, the paste must now be diluted to produce the final product. Transferred to large pots, it is stirred with the right amount of solvent for the type of paint desired.

can paint

• 5 The finished lacquered product is then pumped into the preserving room. For the standard 8-pint (3.78 liter) paint can available to consumers, the empty cans are first rolled horizontally on the labels and then turned upright to allow paint to be pumped into them. One machine places lids on the filled cans, and a second machine presses the lids to seal them. Using wire fed from spools, a bailometer cuts and shapes the handles before hooking them into the pre-drilled holes in the cans. A specified number of cans (usually four) are then bagged and stacked before being sent to storage.

QA

Paint manufacturers use a wide range of quality control measures. The ingredients and the manufacturing process are rigorously tested and the high quality of the final product is verified. A finished paint is tested for density, fineness of grind, dispersion and viscosity. Paint is then applied to a surface and examined for bleed resistance, drying speed, and texture.

With respect to the aesthetic components of color, the color is verified by an experienced observer and by spectral analysis to match a desired standard color. Color resistance to fading caused by the elements is determined by exposing a portion of a painted surface to arc light and comparing the extent of fading to a painted surface that was not so exposed. The opacity of the paint is measured by passing it over a black surface and a white surface. The ratio of coverage on the black surface to coverage on the white surface is then determined, with 0.98 being a high quality color. Gloss is measured by determining the amount of reflected light emitted by a painted surface.

Tests that measure the more functional properties of paint include one for scratch resistance, in which a dried layer of paint is scratched or rubbed off. Adhesion is tested by making a calibrated 0.07 inch (2 millimeter) cross hatch on a dry paint surface. A piece of tape is applied to the transverse hatch, and then removed; Good color remains on the surface. Scrubbing is tested with a machine by rubbing a soapy brush over the surface of the paint. There is also an installment billing system. An excellent color can sit for six months without breaking down and score a ten. However, the bad color is deposited in an immiscible mass of pigment in the bottom of the can and is classified as zero. Weathering is tested by exposing the paint to outdoor conditions. Accelerated aging exposes a painted surface to the sun, water, extreme temperatures, humidity, or sulfuric gases. Fire resistance is tested by baking the paint and determining its weight loss. If the loss is greater than 10 percent, the paint is considered non-fire resistant.

by-products/waste

A recent regulation (California Rule 66) regarding the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) affects the coatings industry, particularly manufacturers of oil-based industrial coatings. It is estimated that all coatings, including stains and varnishes, are responsible for 1.8% of the 2.3 million tons of VOCs released each year. The new regulation allows no more than 250 grams (8.75 ounces) of thinner per liter of paint. Paint manufacturers may replace solvents with pigments, fillers, or other solids inherent in the paint's basic formula. This method produces thicker paints that are more difficult to apply, and it is not yet known whether these paints will last. Other solutions include the use of solvent-free powder coatings, the application of paint in closed systems from which VOCs can be recovered, the use of water as a solvent, or the use of acrylic paints that cure with ultraviolet light or heat. A consumer who has some unused paint on hand can return it to the point of sale for proper treatment.

A large paint manufacturer has its own wastewater treatment plant that treats all liquids generated on site, including stormwater runoff. The facility is monitored 24 hours a day and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducts regular records and system audits of all paint facilities. The liquid part of the waste is treated on-site according to the regulations of the local public wastewater treatment plant; Can be used to craft Lesser Paint. Latex sludge can be recovered and used as filler in other industrial products. Waste solvents can be recovered and used as fuel for other industries. A clean paint container can be reused or taken to the local landfill.

—Rosa secret